Wild Apple and Pear

These Technical Guidelines are intended to assist those who cherish the valuable wild apple and pear gene pool and its inheritance, through conserving valuable seed sources or use in practical forestry. The focus is on conserving the genetic diversity of the species at the European scale. 

The recommendations provided in this module should be regarded as a commonly agreed basis to be complemented and further developed in local, national, or regional conditions. The Guidelines are based on the available knowledge of the species and on widely-accepted methods for the conservation of forest genetic resources.

Biology and Ecology

Wild apple (Malussylvestris (L.) Mill.) and wild pear (Pyruspyraster(L.) Burgsd.) belong to the family Rosaceae. They’re insect-pollinated and are both quite rare species. Wild apple trees have expanded crowns and often look like bushes. They can grow up to 10m tall with trunk diameters of23-45 cm and can live 80-100years. 

Under good growing conditions, wild pear trees have a remarkably slender form with a characteristic rising crown. Unless favorable conditions they show other characteristic growth forms, such as one-sided or extremely low crowns. Trees can reach heights of 22 m with clean trunks up to 10 m, and diameters of 45-80 cm (maximum 130) at an age of 80-150 years (maximum 250). 

P. pyrasteris able to grow on very dry sites due to its taproots. Owing to its weak competitive ability, wild apple, and wild pear exist mostly at the edge of forests, in farmland hedges, or on very extreme, marginal sites. Without competition by other tree species, P. pyraster would have a wide physiological range and physiological optimum. Wild pear can grow on almost all soils, except the most acidic. 

Best growth occurs on fresh, calcareous soils. With competition, the species is often displaced to more extreme sites (very dry or wet). The preferred niches for wild pear are close to the dry or wet edges of the forest. P. pyraster favors South and West facing slopes. The ecology of M.sylvestrisis similar to that of P. pyraster, except that wild apple is more indifferent to soil type. The preferred niches are on the wet edge of the forest.

Distribution

Both species have extremely high light requirements and do not tolerate competitive pressure well, especially by beech. There are well-known occurrences of wild fruit trees in river flood plain forests where both native species (apple and pear) are associated. Both species are native in most European countries, and they occur in a scattered distribution pattern as single individuals or in small groups.

Importance and Use

Hybridization with cultivars grown for fruit production is supposed to be very common, making it very difficult to identify pure wild fruit trees. In the past, only morphological characters were used for identification purposes. Two main traits to characterize M. sylvestrisare hairiness of the undersides of leaves and fruit width. Important traits to characterize P. pyrasterare fruit width and fruit and leaf form. Wild apple timber is of low economic value, whereas that of wild pear is highly valued and has many potential uses.

Threats to Genetic Diversity

Genetic resources of wild apple and wild pear are seriously endangered, for the following reasons: Rare occurrence and a narrow genetic base cause genetic drift due to small numbers of mother trees and large distances between adult trees; Natural regeneration is not guaranteed and, if it occurs, it is endangered by grazing; Hybridization with cultivated forms of apple and pear is considered to be a major obstacle. 

Recent investigations in apple indicate that hybridization has not been that rampant as expected. Useful identification keys have been developed but are not satisfactory (distinguishing characters may not be developed consistently on an individual tree level); and Uncontrolled seed transfer. In the EU countries, wild apple and wild pear are not included under national legislation for forest reproductive material. Therefore, the seed of unknown origin is used for afforestation purposes in the landscape and along highways.

Genetic Conversation and Use

The natural situation of these rare fruit tree species and their occurrence as single individuals or in small groups restricts the possibilities for implementing in sit conservation strategies. For both species, the establishment of exciting conservation seed orchards seems to be the most suitable and efficient conservation measure to undertake. Natural regeneration should be supplemented by the planting of seedlings originating from seed orchards. 

This method extends the genetic base of regeneration, which is important for future adaptability. Grafting is not difficult and seed orchards can be relatively easily established. A minimum of 50 clones per seed orchard and region should be selected. New breeding populations can be restored when individual specimens, scattered over a large, but ecologically similar area, are collected and planted together in the seed orchard.

Genetic Knowledge

The genetic variation and structure of M. Sylvestris and P.pyrasteris not yet known in detail and requires extensive study. The two species show great phenotypic variation and it is assumed that various ecological types can be distinguished due to the large natural distribution area. Genetic analyses have been undertaken mainly on domesticated varieties of apples. 

Malusisa genus of the northern temper-ate zone with 25-35 species that are difficult to identify due to the lack of distinguishing traits. This is supposed to be largely the result of introgression between cultivated varieties and wild species. Isoenzyme analyses at the species level in Malusare limited but are a common method in cultivar identification. 

Until recently, this method had failed to distinguish M. sylvestris(in the past represented only by a few single trees), M. pumila, M.orientalis, M. asiaticaand M.sieversii from each other or these closely related wild species from M. ✕domestica. The level of genetic diversity was found to be very high in all these species and very similar to that found in the domesticated apple. It has been suggested that these are not distinct species but have formed one large population extending from western China to Europe. 

Recent research, investigating more than 100 individuals of M. sylvestrisfrom north-western regions of Germany, partially rejects this hypothesis since species-specific alleles have been identified. These alleles have been found at relatively high frequencies, indicating that the introgression of M. Sylvestris genes into the M. ✕domestic a gene pool has rarely or not occurred in the past at all since M. ✕ domestic has been grown. 

Different gene pools have also been identified by analyzing native M. sylvestrisin Belgium.There is little genetic information known about P. pyraster. Working with isoenzymes in pear is more difficult than for apple. A comparison of 183clones of P. pyraster collected in northwestern Germany was made with wild pears growing on typical species sites and with cultivars. 

The comparison revealed differences between the three pear groups in phenotype frequencies of two isoenzymes. Genetic analyses based on DNA markers may provide better information regarding the immediate ancestor of cultivated apple and pear, and regarding the influence of hybridization, but the research using DNA markershas yet to be performed. Only a few experiences of applying PCR based methods to M. sylvestrisare available.

A Journey Inside Your Body

 

Today I'm going on an epic journey through the human body. So, you want to watch. The trip starts as the human heads to the office lunchroom, opens his lunchbox, and finds me in there. What else has he got here? A turkey sandwich, some yogurt. I see he's taken a bite of his sandwich. Oh, now it's my turn. He's pumped me into his mouth. Oh, it's gone time. To be very honest is wet and warm in here. The mouth is the gateway to the digestive system. That system is design specifically to transform food into useful nutrients that keep you energized and help you grow and repair. So, once you grab the first bite of whatever you're eating, you turn on the digestion machine. As you chew, food is broken up into pieces to make the process easier. Saliva comes in handy as it mixes with food and breaks it down even more. That way your stomach doesn't have to digest whole chunks of food. By the way, here's a fun fact.

The amount of saliva you produce in a year could fill two medium-sized bathtubs. Almost a pool full of drool. Wow, it's really raining spit in here. Whoa, I better watch out for these teeth. Wouldn't want to end up like a Turkey boy over there. It's hard since this guy is using his tongue to roll the food around in his mouth and toward his deed. I really don't feel like becoming a jam today. So, I'm going to just bypass all this chewing down the chute we go. We're now heading into the throne. They also call it the pharynx Oh fork in the road. Which way do I go? We must go. Hang on. I think I took a wrong turn. Why is everything shaking? Oh, the poor human is coughing like crazy. Somebody gives them a nice slap on the back. There we go coming back up. Ooh, sorry, dude, who was close, almost ended up in his lungs.

That wouldn't be very good. All right, I'm back on the road. So, let's give it another try. I've correctly turned it into the swallowing tube that goes by the sophisticated name of the esophagus. I like to call it the food chute. But it's a lot less space than I imagined. I'm kind of getting squished in here. Oh, how do I keep going down? Oh, I see. The muscles in the walls of this guy's esophagus are squeezing behind me and relaxing in front of me. This is a process called peristalsis. And it's what moves me through your digestive system. A couple of seconds later, and we've now reached the end of the tunnel. There's a muscle here that opens the lead food into the stomach and keeps it from coming back out into the esophagus. It's kind of like the TSA in a way. Hey, I'm just a tourist here, sir.

Please let me in. Yay. I've passed through the valve and into the stomach. It reminds me of a sack and let me try those walls. Whoa, that's a struggle on it's all muscle. I'm not surprised. The stomach holds mixes and grinds the food up into a mush. So, it must be pretty strong. Quite honestly, this doesn't look too. Oh, my What's that? Oh, that bruise like crazy. I get to get out of this stomach acid or else I'll turn into a liquid or paste-like turkey sandwich over there. That's okay, I've come prepared. I brought this handy dandy little device that'll encase me in a protective bubble. Your food usually doesn't have this but hey, I got Connections is classified. I just must push this button. There. Now I can keep talking to you the whole way instead of turning into great jelly.

Next up the small intestine. This long coiled snaky organ is made up of three sections. When I say a long time meet it if you spread it out, which I don't recommend doing because you need it to be coiled and inside of you. You get a tube that's over 20 feet in length. Yeah, that's if a giraffe is tall, all stuffed into your insides. I must say it's warm in here. almost feels like a tropical resort. Except I'm in an ocean of bile. Oh yeah, I protected in my little bubble. No worries. bile is crucial to digest fat and take all the waste out of your blood. So be thankful your liver produces it. your pancreas also helps the process with some good enzymes. And that thing over there that looks like a pear. That's the gallbladder. It's located under the liver and keeps bile in it until the right moment comes. Man, this thing really is coiled. Hmm. I'm getting kind of dizzy from the twists and turns. But no going back now.

These contracting intestinal walls keep pushing me forward. Looks like I'm already in the final section of the small intestine. And on to the next leg of my journey. The large intestine, also known as the colon. It's a muscular tube that's five to six feet long. Hold the phone. Do you hear that? I'm not alone. I'm surrounded. are coming in closer. It's bacteria. Oh, there are tons of them in here. Oh, is this person sick with some intestinal parasite or something? Yeah, your intestines need good bacteria to help them break down food, vitamins, and nutrients so that your body can use that sub beat? Hey, what's that little dangly thing over there at the entrance? Ah, that must be the appendix. It doesn't do much besides house bacteria that might be released into the gut.

It's also got some issues that are useful for your immune system. But it's mostly a useless little thing. So, people can still live without it. Hey, if your appendix gets inflamed, a doctor will cut it out of you really looks like this guy still has his good for you. Anyway, we're now in the large intestine. And I'm glad it's a little roomier in here. Had I not grabbed my fancy top-secret protective bubble; I'd be talking to you now as a liquid yellowish mush of waste. As these muscle contractions pushed me through the colon, I'd have all the water sucked out of me. My final form stools. Yep, poo good number two, whatever you like to call it. It's formed in the large intestine. Still loads of bacteria all over the place. They're hard at work as well, there can't be too little or too many. Otherwise, you'd have digestive problems like food intolerances, they also play a major role in your immunity. And that's why you have trillions of them in your gut.

Hey, keep up the good work, guys. I'm on my way through the left colon. When it gets too full of stool, it decides to dump it all into the rectum because it can't hold it all by itself. It usually takes about 36 hours for what's left of your food. Not much now just waste to reach this point. But I've been speeding through this journey because I've got some other great stuff to do. So, let's head to the rectum already. Geronimo. The rectum is a straight chamber that's about eight inches long. It has special sensors like this one or that one there that lets you know and there's something you should get rid of. They send a signal to the brain when stool or gas want to make their exit. That's about the time when a thought pops up in your brain. Oh, gotta go to the bathroom.

If the moment is right for you, that is you find a toilet. The sphincter is relaxed, and your stool makes its exit. But buy pizza from yesterday's breakfast. What? No one else here has cold pizza for breakfast. All right, then let me know down in the comments what your typical breakfast looks like. Anyway, when the moment isn't exactly right to release stool just yet, your sphincters contract. Those rectum sensors help to so that the urge to release its contents disappears for a while. You should be happy when your rectum and stinkers are working hard to keep stuff in when the timing isn't good.

Like when you're driving to work on a date, getting groceries sleeping. But when you just can't resist the urge anymore. The external sphincter gives you a couple more minutes or however long you need until you make it to the bathroom. Well, not sure if the human is ready. But I'd really like to go now. Maybe I can hotwire these sensors to make my great escape. Oh, yeah, this guy is at work, isn't it? This is going to be awkward. Of course, normal food doesn't leave your body in such a graceful manner. You wouldn't even recognize what was what. But as for me, Gilbert, the grape, I still have important things to do today. So hey, Bob, let's hit the john. I'm out of here.

 

A Journey Inside Your Body

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What is Travel Health?

Travel is part of most people’s lives these days. Whether for business or holidays and it’s easy to forget that, even with routine immunization, risks to health during travel are still very real. On top of that, obtaining health care in other countries can be much more complicated than it is in many countries. You can end up being extremely expensive if you travel without the proper level of insurance.

Find out if the country you're traveling to has reciprocal health facilities, which means you can be treated in their healthcare system free of charge or at a minimal cost. All European Economic Area countries (European Community countries plus Iceland, Lichtenstein, and Norway) have reciprocal agreements with the UK. You will need to fill out and travel with Form E111, which you need to apply for in advance of your travel.

Contact your GP or the Department of Health to find out how to apply. It's still advisable to have some insurance even when traveling to countries with reciprocal healthcare agreements; check with a travel agent for more details. Some other non-EEA countries have reciprocal agreements with the UK but note that most countries, including the US, Canada, Switzerland, India, Japan, and all African, Central, and South American and Middle Eastern countries do not.

You will need travel insurance to cover your medical expenses if you need to be treated in these countries; check with a reputable travel agent for advice about how much insurance you (and your family) will need. Check with your GP about whether you and your family will need immunizations for the countries you plan to visit. You should do this at least two months before you travel as some none at all. Be very careful in the sun. Overexposure to the sun can cause sunburn and heatstroke, and children are especially at risk. Don't go out in the sun at midday, stay in the shade when you can, and use a high-factor sunscreen at all times.

Make sure your children wear a high-factor sunscreen and headgear that also protects the back of the neck. Drink plenty of fluids, but make sure they're safe - canned and bottled drinks are usually best. • Be on guard against insect and animal bites. Even in areas where malaria is not a problem, ticks can be a carrier of the disease. If you go walking in areas of high grass or woodland, make sure you wear long trousers and socks and keep your arms covered too. Make sure that your children are also adequately dressed. Use insect repellents.

If you've been prescribed anti-malarial tablets, make sure you take them regularly. Bites from animals can cause very serious, and sometimes fatal, illness if they are not promptly treated. Be extremely cautious of all animals, even those that appear to be tame, and teach your children to be cautious too. If someone does get bitten by an animal, seek medical advice immediately. If the water at your destination may not be safe to drink, drink only bottled or canine drinks. Use disinfectant tablets if you need to use the water to wash food or clean your teeth.

Don't ask for ice in your drink or use ice to keep food cool, Make sure hot food is piping hot and cooked the way through. Avoid uncooked food such as raw fruits or vegetables, if you must eat them, pee them yourself. Avoid eating shelifion especially any shellfish that is eaten raw, such as oysters. Do not drink unpasteurized milk. Never swim alone, and always make sure that children are supervised by an adult who is a good swimmer. Don't leave children alone near any water-a young child can drown in a paddling pool or even a large puddle.

Be extra vigilant when driving, walking, or cycling on foreign roads. Make sure you know which direction the traffic is traveling, especially when crossing roads-most countries drive on the right instead of the left. Be aware of local traffic laws. •If you are taking a long-haul flight. Get up and walk around at least once an hour or so to keep your blood circulating freely-this This reduces the risk of developing deep vein thrombosis. You haven't been to the dentist recently, have a dental check-up before you travel, Dental care can be difficult to find, and very expensive.

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Resurge Supplement Review?

Resurge refers to a weight loss diet pill that works excellently when used by any fat individual. It is a 100% natural manufactured program, meaning you can’t suffer from any disease after using it. This technique can melt anyone’s body fat since it is tested and unique. The product features the most appropriate combination of ingredients, which helps in weight loss. Other than supporting body metabolism, Resurge will activate the entire body system that needs to burn weight It helps in taking metabolism to the next position, hence making it easy for the body to lose weight. 

Other than giving higher sleep, this product also works excellently for any individual who always finds it hard to sleep. Thus, taking this medicine is the right step to follow if you’re after better sleep. The practical techniques involved by this product helps a lot in ensuring you have a deep sleep. Also, it plays a crucial role while sleeping. During this time, it enhances your fat-burning system, making the body to start to shed weight. Furthermore, Resurge is the perfect option if you’re after an anti-aging medicine. 

It is an anti-aging medicine that is capable of giving you a youthful look. It features eight nutrients which help a lot in weight loss. Each ingredient present in Resurge is risk-free and natural. Thus, this means you’ll definitely enjoy outstanding health results after consuming the medicine. 

These ingredients include Lysine, Ashwagandha plant, L-Theanine, Hydroxytryptophan, Magnesium, Melatonin, and Arginine. The Good Things About Resurge Supplement: 1- The product enhances better sleep. Consuming Resurge will ensure that deep sleep, something that also promotes your health. It separates your life from that unhealthy routine so that you can enjoy the outstanding benefits of this product. 2- Resurge is the best for appetite management. This product will prepare your body to eat less. It focuses primarily on leptin resistance, something that causes hunger. 3- Resurge comes with several health benefits. It helps in converting all the fat in your body into energy, hence giving your body a new power. Also, it focuses primarily on items that contribute to weight gain. 

·         Resurge Supplement for their weight loss while deep sleep with zero side effects.

Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms and Treatment

Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic conditions in which muscles become weak and wasted. Almost exclusively affect boys. The most of this condition is Duchenne. There are two main types of muscular dystrophy.

1.       The common type of muscular dystrophy that causes serious disability from early childhood.

2.       A second, much rarer type of the disorder is Becker muscular dystrophy. The onset of this condition is slower and the symptoms start later in childhood.

Other extremely rare forms of muscular dystrophy can affect both girls and boys. Both Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are caused by an abnormal gene carried on the X sex chromosome. Girls may carry the defective gene but do not usually have the disorder. Because they have two X chromosomes, and the gene on the normal X chromosome compensates for the defect in the gene on the other.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?

The symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually appear around the time a child would begin to walk. Late walking is common; often an affected child does not begin to walk until about 18 months and then will fall more frequently than other children. The more obvious symptoms may not appear until the child reaches age 3-5 and may include: waddling gait difficulty climbing stairs difficulty getting up from the floor characteristically, using the hands to "walk up" the thighs

• Large calf muscles and wasted muscles at the tops of the legs and arms

• Mild learning disabilities (especially in the Becker type). The symptoms are progressive and a child may be unable to walk by the age of 12. The symptoms of Becker muscular dystrophy are similar but usually do not appear until about age 11 or later. The disease progresses more slowly; many of those affected are still able to walk until their late 20s or later.

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT?

If your doctor suspects muscular dystrophy he may arrange for a blood test to look for evidence of muscle damage. Electromyography, which records electrical activity in muscles, may be performed. A small piece of muscle may be removed under general anesthesia for microscopic examination. Tests may be done to find out if the heart is affected, including recording electrical activity in the heart (ECG) and ultrasound scanning.

The treatment for muscular dystrophy is aimed at keeping a child mobile and active for as long as possible. A team of professionals such as a physical therapist, doctor and social worker can provide support for the whole family. Physical therapy is important to keep limbs supple and supportive splints may be used. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is usually fatal before age 20%; the outlook in the Becker type is better, with affected people often surviving into their 40s.

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Eczema in Babies and Children

WHAT IS ECZEMA?

Eczema describes an itchy, inflamed skin rash. The term Eczema comes from a Greek word meaning to “Boil Over” and is used interchangeably with another term, dermatitis. There are several different types including atopic or allergic eczema. The most common type of eczema is atopic eczema, sometimes referred to as “allergic eczema”. If someone is atopic they carry a gene that makes their skin react to stress (a virus infection, an irritant in contact with the skin, psychological disturbances) with patches of eczema.

Once you have eczema or dermatitis have the tendency to develop it, so episodes may return throughout your life. Atopic eczema sufferers may also develop asthma or hay fever or may have relations who have those conditions. The gene for atopy tends to run in families but may express itself gene differently in family members, for example migraine in one, hay fever in another, allergies in another, asthma, etc. All these conditions are close relatives of eczema (dermatitis) and all run in my atopic family.

Though the tendency to develop eczema is undoubtedly genetic, certain foods (most commonly dairy products, eggs and wheat) and skin irritants (such as pet fur, wool or washing powders) can act as triggers, especially in children.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?

• Dry, red, scaly rash, which is extremely itchy, occurring on the face, neck and hands, and in the creases of the limbs.

• The rash usually starts off as minute pearly blisters beneath the skin’s surface.

• When very severe, the rash may weep.

• Sleeplessness may result if the itchiness is very bad.

AGGRAVATING FACTORS

• Symptoms vary from mild to severe and can be made worse by:

• Climate changes, especially if exposed to cold winds or excessive heat

• Water, especially hard water

• Soaps, detergents, cleansers, bubble bath, Cosmetics, perfume

• Pollen, pet hair, animal dander, dust

• Stress and anxiety

• Synthetic or wool fibers

• Certain chemicals: acids, alkalis, oxidizing or reducing agents, oils, solvents

• Colds, flu, infections of any kind.

LIFESTYLE

• People with eczema should avoid contact with soap detergents and other irritants. This means wearing rubber gloves for household wet work, or cotton gloves for cleaning.

• They should avoid jobs or occupations that expose their skin to irritants, such as in hairdressing catering, mechanical engineering and perhaps nursing, especially if the eczema affects the hands.

• Reduce the population of house dust mites in the home by regular dusting and vacuuming of carpets. Dust mite bed covers have benefited some eczema patients, and frequent airing and changing of bed linen should reduce the house dust mite population in bedding.

• Bed clothes should be washed at 50 C (122 F) or more to kill house dust mites.

• Old mattresses are more likely to harbor large populations of house dust mite, and furry toys are another source of exposure.

• Shaking soft toys vigorously or placing into a plastic bag in the freezer for a few hours helps.

• Some atopic people are sensitive to cat or dog fur and it makes sense to avoid having these animals as pets when a family member suffers from atopic eczema.

• The use of make-up can irritate facial skin in a person with eczema, and these preparations should be used with care

• It is best to keep the central heating turned as low as is comfortable as it tends to dry out the skin.

• Cotton clothes are less irritating on eczema skin than polyester or wool.

• Bathing and showering are safe, provided that a soap substitute such as aqueous cream is used, or bath oil is added.

• Bubble bath should be avoided, as it is a detergent. The moisturizer that the person uses should be applied after the skin has been patted dry.

• Holidays in a warm environment are beneficial as the skin’s moisture is improved and, of course, the person is more relaxed.

• Although sunlight is usually helpful, atopic eczema may make the skin more sun-sensitive and covering up with cotton clothes and using a sun blocking cream are advised in hot climates to avoid burning.

• People with eczema can go swimming putting an emollient ointment or a barrier cream on the skin before and after swimming reduces irritations.

IS DIET IMPORTANT?

In very young children, atopic eczema may be worsened by cow’s milk formula and so infants with eczema are often put on to soya milk, or low allergy milk feeds. This problem generally settles in the second year of life and cow’s milk may then be tolerated in slowly increasing amounts.

• Eggs may worsen eczema, although they may be tolerated in highly processed form, such as in cakes.

• Families may feel that other food items are important and if several foods are suspected or you decide to put your child on a restricted diet, then it is wise to discuss this with a dietitian to make sure your child is getting enough protein, calcium and calories.

• Fortunately, most apparent food allergies get better during childhood.

• One food item that continues to cause problems in a few atopic individuals is peanuts.

• Tomato sauce and citrus fruits seem to worsen facial eczema because they irritate broken skin and can produce weal’s around the mouth.

CHINESE HERBAL TREATMENTS

Recent research has shown ancient Chinese herbal remedies can be very helpful. There are tablets to take, infusions to drink and creams to rub on. Most dermatologists recognize the effectiveness of these treatments.

WHAT MIGHT THE DOCTOR DO?

• Your doctor will question you on your family’s medical history, particularly whether anyone has ever suffered from eczema or related conditions such as asthma and hay fever.

• The doctor will ask you about any changes in diet, whether you have recently changed your washing powders, whether you have just brought a pet into the house and whether natural or synthetic fibers are worn next to the skin.

• If your baby has eczema and you’ve just started weaning him from the breast or bottle. Your doctor may recommend that you avoid dairy products and continue breast-feeding or use formula milk. If you don’t want to do this, your doctor may recommend that you wean your baby on to soya milk instead.

• Your doctor may prescribe an anti-inflammatory skin cream to reduce redness, scaliness and itchiness. In severe cases, very weak steroid creams may be prescribed. These creams should be used very sparingly, especially on a child’s skin.

• If the itching is causing sleepless nights, your doctor may prescribe antihistamine medicine to improve sleep. If the skin has become infected through Scratching, your doctor may prescribe an antiseptic cream or antibiotics.

• Your doctor will advise you to add bath oil to bath water and to stop using soap. Soap can be an irritant to the already sensitive skin; the oil will help to keep the skin supple and less dry.

WHAT’S THE OUTLOOK?

Many children outgrow eczema (and asthma) around the age of seven. They will, however, 31 retain a life-long tendency to develop transient eczema if the body is put under stress and may pass on this tendency to their children. In adult life, dermatitis isn’t the same as that in a child. The eczema looks different, it’s in different places and it may come and go. It may take the form of seborrhoeic, contact or photo-dermatitis (caused by light).

ECZEMA IN BABIES AND CHILDREN  

Baby eczema, also called infantile eczema, is Common and usually develops when a baby is about 2-3 months old, or at 4-5 months Most children grow out of eczema by the age of three or, if not, by seven.

Some important points

• Baby eczema is less common in breast-fed babies than those fed on the bottle.

• Baby eczema isn’t caused by an allergy and allergy tests don’t help.

• Children with eczema don’t benefit from a special diet p no child’s skin.

What should I do first?

• If your baby is scratching, look at his neck and scalp, his face, his hands and the creases of his elbows, knees and groin, classic sites for baby dermatitis.

• Keep his fingernails short to minimize the possibility of breaking the skin. If the skin becomes broken, put mittens on him to prevent infection.

• If you’ve just started weaning your breast-fed child, return to breast-feeds until you’ve seen your doctor If you’ve been using formula milk, return to that.

• Apply oily calamine lotion to ease irritation and soothe the skin.

• Soap should be avoided as it de-fats the skin and makes it drier, more scaly and irritable.

• Avoid woolen or hairy garments; use cotton or linen instead.

What else you can do?

• Use an emollient cream whenever your child washes. This will keep his skin soft, prevent it from drying out and damp down the itchiness.

• Underplay the condition in front of your child. Your anxiety can make the condition worse.

• Keep your child’s fingernails short so that scratching doesn’t cause the skin to break and give rise to infection.

• Make sure all your child’s clothes, and anything that comes next to his skin, are rinsed thoroughly to remove all traces of powders and conditioners.

• If the eczema is found to be made worse by pet fur, you may need to consider giving your family pet away.

• Use an aqueous cream from your chemist as a soap substitute.

• Use a bath emollient (available from your pharmacist) dissolved in bath water to put a protective layer over your child’s skin.

• Think about installing a domestic water softener.

• Dress your child with fine cotton clothes next to his skin at all times

• Don’t eliminate any foods from your child’s diet without your doctor’s supervision.

• Remove as many irritants from your child’s environment as possible. For example, feather and down pillows can be a source of irritation.

Vaccinations

It is generally safe to vaccinate children with eczema in the usual way. However, if a child has a proven egg allergy, their MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccination should be given in a hospital setting in case there are problems, although this is very rare in practice.

Eczema describes an itchy inflamed skin rash comes from Greek word means “Boil Over” & used interchangeably with another term, dermatitis. Photo Credit – Webmd

Read More – Important Food Tips to Live a Longer Life

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What happens if you Quit Smoking?

Smoking has numerous disadvantages, not only does it adversely affect overall health, but it also increases the risk of death from lung cancer by 84% and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by 83%. According to medical experts, smoking is a deadly negative habit, which is a waste of money along with health.

Many people want to quit smoking, but it is not an easy decision for them, while a few people quit smoking without any problem. But many are not able to get rid of the physical and mental problems for fear of them.

No doubt! Quitting smoking is not as easy as it may seem

According to medical experts, quitting smoking is not as easy as it may seem. It has to deal with physical and mental difficulties while seeking help from close family members and friends who repeatedly praise his decision and stop smoking again. According to experts, if the addiction is chronic, you may need a psychiatrist as a result of quitting smoking.

It is important to understand the difficulties of quitting smoking

Quitting smoking causes physical and mental difficulties, changes in physical heart health, hormones, metabolism, and while in some cases, the results in anger, frustration, and irritability. According to experts, it all depends on how old you are and how long you have to deal with these problems for 5 to 6 weeks.

What changes occur in the body when you quit smoking?

Quitting smoking results in decreased appetite, increased cravings for cigarettes, body aches, headaches, dizziness, coughing, and constipation are common. According to experts, as a result of quitting smoking, the use of chemicals is eliminated, so there is no hunger, most people also smoke to get hungry and gain weight.

According to experts, over-demand can be used to entertain oneself by playing music, videos, reading books, or doing office work, while fruits, vegetables to avoid headaches, body aches, and constipation. You can protect yourself from these complaints by using oatmeal and milled flour.

What mental and emotional changes do smoking cessation cause:

Smoking reduces stress while quitting can increase stress and depression for 2 or 3 weeks. Quitting smoking can leave you depressed for up to 3 weeks. But it is normal to get very angry, it would be better to spend time with family or close friends instead of being alone. It can take a long time to get rid of the above symptoms, so prepare yourself mentally to fight the following situation before quitting smoking.

• You will need to smoke in 30 minutes to 4 hours.

• Anxiety and depression will increase in 10 hours.

• Within 24 hours, irritability will increase and hunger will disappear.

• If you do not get nicotine in 2 days, the headache will start to disappear.

• On the third day, the craving for cigarettes will disappear while the anxiety and stress will increase.

• Within a week the anxiety will increase and the demand for tobacco will be felt again, it is time to stay away from people who are addicted to smoking.

• By the fourth week, you will feel weak, stress and depression will subside, you will feel naturally hungry, and you will occasionally feel the urge to smoke.

• By the fifth week, the harmful effects of nicotine will be gone from the body, so spend time making up your mind to keep yourself stronger and not get addicted again.

• How long does it take for the benefits of quitting to show up?

• What changes occur in the body when you quit smoking?

• 20 minutes of non-smoking improves blood pressure and heart rate, improves blood flow to the body.

• In 8 hours the level of nicotine and carbon monoxide in the blood is halved, the risk of heart attack is reduced while the level of oxygen in the body is also improved.

• Carbon monoxide levels return to positive levels within 12 hours.

• Within 24 hours, carbon monoxide is completely eliminated from the lungs, while the lungs begin the process of clearing through coughing.

• During 72 hours, the lungs develop more air than before, making it easier to breathe.

• Between 1 and 2 weeks, the blood supply to the lungs improves.

• Within 1 month, as a result of proper blood circulation, nutrients begin to be fully absorbed into the body organs, including the skin, and wrinkles are eliminated.

• Within 1 year, the risk of having a heart attack halves compared to a smoker.

• The risk of having a heart attack disappears within 15 years.

• Read More – Important Food Tips to Live a Longer Life